Energy storage canopy

ABSTRACT

An energy storage canopy associated with a local building is provided. The energy storage canopy includes support members that can support compartments, which may be integral with or removable from the energy storage canopy. Each compartment includes a plurality of high capacity batteries to store electrical energy, at least one power conditioner to allow coupling high capacity batteries to an external unit. The external unit may be a power grid, a building, other loads, or the like.

PRIORITY AND CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/811,391, filed Mar. 6, 2020, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/249,728, filed Jan.16, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,587,015, which is a continuation in partof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/486,000, filed Apr. 12, 2017,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/678,476,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,647,300, filed Apr. 3, 2015, which is a continuationin part of International Patent Application Serial NumberPCT/US14/58671, filed Oct. 1, 2014, which claims priority from and thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/885,897, filed Oct. 2,2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as ifset out in full. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/249,728, as well asthe present application, claims priority from and the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application 62/727,585, filed Sep. 6, 2018, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set out infull.

The present application is related to U.S. Provisional PatentApplications Ser. Nos. 61/537,319; 61/608,425; 61/537,346; 61/537,412;61/608,439; and 61/621,250 and U.S. Non-Provisional patent applicationSer. Nos. 13/623,515; 13/624,428; and 13/623,723, all of which areincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

As countries become more concerned with oil reserves, renewable energyand carbon footprints become a focus of attention. Grid power, localpower networks, and/or stand alone loads attempt to address some of theconcerns with renewable energy sources as well as changes in rates basedon the demands for energy (also known as on-peak rates and off-peakrate). However, renewable energy sources are inherently unpredictable intheir output. For example, wind energy is necessarily dependent on thewind speed and direction in some cases. Solar energy is influenced bythe time of day and weather conditions. Also, rate changes betweenon-peak demand and off-peak demand have a limited effect on the overalldemand for energy during peak or on-peak demand hours as the largerconsumers are typically corporations that have a limited ability to varytheir energy demands. Additionally, large scale renewable energy farms,such as wind turbine frames and large solar arrays are traditionallycoupled to the grid power network remote from any particular residentialor commercial center. Thus, problems with the traditional orconventional power grid disrupts the renewable energy power source in amanner similar to the disruption of any power.

For most industrial countries, refrigeration systems, which include highvolume air conditioning (HVAC) systems and refrigeration systems, suchas food storage systems, are among some of the larger consumers of powerfrom the grid or local power network. The large electrical power demandis generally due to the compressor used to compress the working fluid.

In part, in view of the above, it is desirable to provide an energystorage canopy or system that stored, and/or locally used, electricalenergy and refrigerant (sometimes referred to as thermal) energy usingrenewable sources and/or off-peak demand power to reduce the demand forenergy at on-peak demand times.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary, and the foregoing Background, is not intendedto identify key aspects or essential aspects of the claimed subjectmatter. Moreover, this Summary is not intended for use as an aid indetermining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In some aspects of the technology, a solar canopy is provided. The solarcanopy powers, among other things, a high capacity battery integratedinto or retrofitted to the solar canopy. The solar canopy would, througha power conditioner or directly, charge the high capacity battery, whichmay include specially design high capacity batteries, or one or moreelectrical vehicle battery (or batteries). The discharge of the highcapacity battery (or batteries) may be regulated such that the dischargeover a defined period, such as 24 hours/day, would be constant tofacilitate supplying regulated power to a grid or residential powernetwork. In some aspects, the technology may be provided such that thesolar canopy discharges to the grid at certain predefined times, peakpower times or the like. In still other aspects, the technology may beprovided to power a standalone load such that the energy use does notuse any grid power.

In some aspects of the technology, an energy storage canopy is provided.The energy storage canopy may be operationally coupled to a localbuilding, or directly to particular loads, to provide energy reserves toreduce or supplant the electrical energy needs of the local building touse energy during on-peak demand times, which are times when energycompanies provide energy at a higher cost. The energy storage canopyminimizes the impact of the necessary equipment on the local building'sreal estate by locating the equipment above parking spaces, which istypically unused space.

In some embodiments, the energy storage canopy has at least one verticaland at least one horizontal support on which a roof is provided. Theenergy storage canopy further includes support members, typicallyhorizontal, that can support compartments. The compartments may beintegral with or removable from the energy storage canopy. Thecompartment comprises, among other things, a plurality of high capacitybatteries to store electrical energy, which energy may be received froman integrated renewable energy source, such as a solar array or a windturbine system,. The compartment also comprises at least one powerconditioner to allow coupling high capacity batteries to the power grid,the AC distribution panel of the local building, and/or a standaloneload such that the high capacity batteries can supply power to localloads, such as, for example, computers, servers, lights, compressors forHVAC systems, or refrigerant systems. The compartment may, in certainaspects, also include a refrigerant energy storage tank containing aworking fluid. The refrigerant energy storage tank contains piping orductwork to be in fluid communication with the HVAC system, refrigerantsystem, or atmosphere of the local building to provide storedrefrigerant energy to the local building.

These and other aspects of the present system and method will beapparent after consideration of the Detailed Description and Figuresherein.

DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention,including the preferred embodiment, are described with reference to thefollowing figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like partsthroughout the various views unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a solar canopy consistent with thetechnology of the present application.

FIG. 1A is another perspective view of a solar canopy consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of cavity chambers consistent with thetechnology shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A is a view of loading a chamber to a solar canopy consistent withthe technology shown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3-6 are perspective views of high capacity batteries includingelectric vehicle batteries usable with the technology of the presentapplication.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary compartment consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 8 is a perspective, partially cut-away view of a battery andbattery housing consistent with the technology of the presentapplication.

FIG. 9 is an electrical schematic of the small units, and individualcells or batteries consistent with application of the electrical vehiclebatteries used with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 10 is a functional schematic block diagram of a power circuitconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 11 is a view of an exemplary canopy of FIG. 1 with a standaloneinverter box or rack consistent with the technology of the presentapplication.

FIG. 12 is a functional schematic block diagram of a power circuitconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a rail system for allowing a retrofitcompartment to be removably coupled to the solar canopy consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 14 is a view of an interface between a retrofit compartment and aportion of the solar canopy consistent with the technology of thepresent application.

FIGS. 15 is a perspective view of one exemplary solar canopy consistentwith the technology of the present application with a portion of thesolar panels cut-away to show the retrofit compartment(s) with highcapacity batteries.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a portion of FIG. 15 with the retrofitcompartment shown in more detail.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a portion of FIG. 15 with the retrofitcompartment shown in more detail with a stack of electric vehiclebatteries.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the exemplary solar canopy of FIG. 15with a retractable antenna shown in the deployed configuration.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of the exemplary solar canopy of FIG. 15with the retractable antenna shown in the retracted configuration.

FIG. 20 is a detail of the retracted antenna of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of an exemplary use of the solar canopy ofFIGS. 1 and 1A.

FIG. 22 is a side elevation view of mounting a battery compartmentconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 23 is a side elevation view of a battery compartment to holdelectronics consistent with the technology of the present application.

FIGS. 24 and 25 are side elevation views of a mechanism to mount abattery compartment to a solar canopy consistent with the technology ofthe present application.

FIG. 26 is another side elevation view of a mechanism to mount a batterycompartment to a solar canopy consistent with the technology of thepresent application.

FIG. 27 is a side elevation of a solar canopy with a winch system tofacilitate mounting the battery compartment to the solar canopyconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 28 is a side elevation of a heat dissipation system consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 29 is a functional block diagram of a circuit for the batteries tosupply or receive power consistent with the technology of the presentapplication.

FIG. 29A is a functional block diagram of FIG. 29 with a switchgearconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIG. 30 is a scaled version of FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 is another scaled version of FIG. 29.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a potential use of a solar canopyconsistent with the technology of the present application.

FIGS. 33A-D and 34 are schematic block diagrams of heat dissipationsystems consistent with the technology of the present application.

FIGS. 35 and 36 show possible contacts on compartments consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 37A-C show an elevation view of structure to mount an energystorage system to a solar canopy consistent with the technology of thepresent application.

FIG. 38 show an elevation view of another structure to mount an energystorage system to a solar canopy consistent with the technology of thepresent application.

FIG. 39 show a view of another structure to mount an energy storagesystem to a solar canopy consistent with the technology of the presentapplication.

FIG. 40 show a view of structure to raise, lower, and mount an energystorage system to a solar canopy consistent with the technology of thepresent application.

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of an energy storage canopy consistentwith the technology of the present application.

FIG. 42 is a perspective view of a wind turbine system consistent withthe technology of the present application.

FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram of an electrical energy storage systemcontained in the energy storage canopy of FIG. 41.

FIG. 44 is a cross sectional view of a refrigerant energy storage tankcontained in the energy storage canopy of FIG. 41.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The technology of the present application will now be described morefully below with reference to the accompanying figures, which form apart hereof and show, by way of illustration, specific exemplaryembodiments. These embodiments are disclosed in sufficient detail toenable those skilled in the art to practice the technology of thepresent application. However, embodiments may be implemented in manydifferent forms and should not be construed as being limited to theembodiments set forth herein. The following detailed description is,therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.

The technology of the present application is described with specificreference to photovoltaic cells (a/k/a solar panels) and commercialrefrigeration systems. However, the technology described herein may beused with applications other than those specifically described herein.For example, the technology of the present application may be applicableto wind generation systems, server farms, electric vehicle chargingstations, home air conditioning systems, morgue refrigeration systems,or the like. Moreover, the technology of the present application will bedescribed with relation to exemplary embodiments. The word “exemplary”is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, orillustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments. Additionally, unless specifically identified otherwise, allembodiments described herein should be considered exemplary.

With reference now to FIG. 1, a solar power canopy 100 is shown. Solarpower canopy 100 is shown with a central support structure 102comprising a vertical strut 104 having an exposed portion 106 and aburied portion 108. The buried portion may be below ground or connectedto a foundation of a building, parking lot, etc. In other words, theburied portion 108 may alternatively be a flanged connection to afoundation. The central support structure 102 further has two horizontalsupport struts 110 extending from the vertical strut 104. The verticalstrut 104 and two horizontal support struts 110 form a generally “T”shaped support structure, or in certain embodiments and inverted Lshape. As shown, the horizontal support struts 110 form a generally “V”shape although flat or an inverted “V” shape among other shapes arepossible. A roof 112 is formed over and supported by the horizontalsupport struts 110. Arranged on the roof 112 are photovoltaic panels114, which are sometimes referred to as solar panels or simply panels.The panels 114 may be directly mounted to the roof 112 or raised toprovide ventilation between the roof 112 and panels 114 to facilitateheat dissipation. Other heat dissipation structure or means include, forexample, vents, fans, and the like. While a specific vent, such as aslot or opening, facilitates air movement, vent should be construedbroadly herein as a structure that allows the passage of air or airflow. In other words, not hermetically sealing the cavities providesthat the seams formed where parts abut may provide sufficient air flowto allow the seam to act as a vent. The panels 114 may be mounted in afixed position to the roof 112 or mounted to allow for angulation orrotation of the panels to track the suns progression through the day orthe time of year.

The panels 114 gather light and output electricity. The panels 114 maybe coupled to a power conditioner 116, which may condition the power forcoupling to a power grid 1, residential power network 1, or a local load1 as shown in FIG. 10. Grid 1 is used generically in the presentapplication to refer to supplying electrical power from the solar powercanopy 100 to an external unit, which external unit 1 may include anational or State power grid, a local power grid, a residential orcommercial building, an electrical vehicle charging unit, a server farm,compressors, HVAC systems, refrigerants, or combinations thereof. Suchpower conditioners may include a power control system (or PCS), computerprocessors or servers, an inverter, a converter or transformer, or thelike. Power conditioners 116 to provide electrical energy from renewableenergy sources to either a power grid, a residential power network, orother loads are generally known in the industry and will not be furtherexplained except as necessary for a complete understanding of thepresent technology. Generally, the power conditioners 116 facilitatematching the conditions for a seamless transition of energy from therenewable energy source to the grid or other load without disruptingperformance or providing a no-load condition. The power conditioner 116may include a power switch (not specifically shown) to allow isolationof the canopy and the associated components from the load 1. As shown,the power conditioner 116 may be mounted to the roof 112, contained inthe battery compartment (explained further below), or contained in astandalone inverter box, or the like. In another embodiment, the powerconditioner 116 may be incorporated in one or more of the centralsupport structures 102. In still other embodiments, the inverter may bemounted in a rack associated with the bay 118 provided under one or moreof the solar canopies 110. With reference to FIG. 11, a view of anexemplary canopy 100 is shown with a standalone inverter box 2 or a rack3 for the power conditioner 116. The standalone inverter box 2 wouldhave an electrical conduit 4 connecting the standalone inverter box 2 tothe canopy 100 to allow wires and cables to connect the panels 114 tothe power conditioner 116. The rack 3 may be mounted directed to thecentral support structure 102 with wires and cables running in thecanopy 100 as required to connect the panels 114 to the powerconditioner 116. With reference to FIG. 11, if the canopy 100 isprovided with a standalone inverter box 2 (also known as a powerconditioner box) or a rack 3, the cavity 200 shown in FIG. 1 may be fitinto a box that is connectable to either the standalone inverter box 2or rack 3 rather than the roof 112 or support structure 102.

While solar canopy 100 is shown as a symmetrical structure, manyalternative designs are possible including, for example, cantileverdesigns forming more of an inverted “L”-shape as opposed to the “Y” or“T”-shape of the canopy shown. In still other embodiments, the solarcanopies may form peek or an inverted “V”-shape. Of course, these arebut a few shapes of the canopies associated with the present technology.

With reference to FIG. 1A, another embodiment of a solar canopy 100A isshown in a side elevation and partial top view. The solar canopy 100Aincludes vertical supports 102A and 102A′. Beams 103A (not specificallyshown) extend laterally and longitudinally between the vertical supports102A and 102A′. As shown, the solar canopy 100A has an entry side 104Awhere the vertical support 102A has a longer length than the terminalside 105A support 102A′, which allows for angulation of a roof structure106A supported by vertical supports 102A and 102A′, and beams 103A.Generally, angulation of the roof structure 106A provides for bettersolar reception of photovoltaic cells 107A or panels. The photovoltaicpanels 107A are typically raised from the roof to allow for ventilation.The solar canopy 100A may be sized similar to the dimensions as shown inFIG. 1A, which is generally sized to fit a parked vehicle V. Thedimensions, however, are exemplary and should not be consideredlimiting. The solar canopy 100A may be a structure where connection isto a standalone load 1, such as an electrical vehicle charging station.

In certain embodiments, the solar canopy 100 may include an extendableantenna 5. The extendable antenna 5 may be a satellite antenna incertain embodiments, a cellular antenna in certain embodiments, or othertype of radio frequency antenna. The extendable antenna 5 would beelectrically coupled to a power source such as, for example, the powerconditioner 116 and be powered electrically from either the solar panels114, a high capacity battery (or batteries), or the power network suchas a power grid or residential power network to allow for radiocommunication. In certain embodiments, a backup electrical generator mayprovide emergency power to the extendable antenna 5. This is especiallyuseful in emergency conditions, such as, for example, relief efforts forhurricanes, humanitarian aid for disaster zone, war zones, and the like,when a power grid or residential power network in unavailable. Thus, inthese conditions, the load 1 is the extendable antenna and transmissionsystem. The high capacity battery referred to above, as will be clearfrom the below, may be in certain embodiments a battery from anelectrical vehicle, such as is available from Tesla, Nisson, or thelike. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize on reading thedisclosure that such a high capacity battery is configured to store at aminimum approximately 75-100 kWh (kilo watt hours) of power. Generally,the term high capacity battery as used herein stores at least 100 kWh to150 kWh, but higher and lower capacity batteries are contemplated by thetechnology of the present application. Generally, the minimum capacityfor the technology of the present application would be approximately 10kWh. The high capacity battery may be of many types including lithiumion, lead acid, and the like to name but two (2) types of batteries. Ascan be appreciated, high capacity batteries in the magnitude of 10 ormore kWh produce a significant amount of heat that must be dissipated bya heat dissipation system, as will be further explained below.

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of the solar canopy 100 with anextendable antenna 1800. The extendable antenna 1800 is housed in thisexemplary embodiment in a cavity 1802 formed in a vertical support strut1804. The vertical support strut 1804 has a junction box 1806electrically connecting the extendable antenna 1800 to the power source,which may be the power conditioners such as mentioned above or directlyto either the batteries or the solar panels. The junction box 1806 mayfurther comprise a port 1808, such as a USB port, conventional plugstrip, or the like to allow electrically coupling emergencycommunication equipment to the power source as the load. FIG. 19 shows aperspective view of the solar canopy 100 with the extendable antenna1800 retracted. The retractable antenna 1800 includes a telescopingshaft 1810 and a deployable antenna array 1812. The deployable antennaarray 1812 includes a plurality of antenna elements 1814 pivotallycoupled to a linkage arm 1816 at a first end 1820. The linkage arm 1816is pivotally coupled at a second end to the telescoping shaft 1810. Thelinkage arms 1816 allow the plurality of antenna elements 1814 to beretracted close to the telescoping shaft to allow for compact storage inthe cavity 1802. Of course, while shown as stored in a cavity in thevertical support strut 1804, the extendable antenna 1800 could be storedin a cavity located in the horizontal support strut 110 or some othersimilar compartment. Additionally, rather than being telescoping, theantenna may be foldable or otherwise collapsible. FIG. 20 shows a detailof the cavity 1802 and extendable antenna 1800 in the cavity 1802 inmore detail. The junction box 1806 is shown in some detail as well. Thejunction box 1806 may include a motor and controls to extend theextendable antenna 1800. In some embodiments, the motor and controlswould be operable from a remote location. As best seen in FIG. 20, thesupports may include numerous peripheral devices, such as, plug strips,lighting, emergency lighting, ports, water purification systems, and thelike (none of which is specifically labeled). All of the peripherals,and other equipment, may be a standalone load powered by the solarpanels or high capacity battery.

With reference back to FIG. 1, solar power canopy 100 may include anintegrated cavity 200 formed into the roof 112. The cavity 200 is shownto be sized and shaped to accept a relative flat, high capacity batteryspecifically designed for the solar power canopy 100 or such as thebattery available from Tesla, Inc. for its Model S cars, or from Nissan,Inc. for its Leaf cars. Although the cavity 200 could be sized to fitother types of equipment, such as, for example, the radio frequencytower, servers, refrigeration units, and the like. Although other typesof high capacity battery contemplated for the present technology includean electric vehicle battery (whether new, end-of-life, or refurbished),one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that a new orspecially designed battery would be an acceptable alternative as wouldrepurposed batteries associated with other high voltage, ampere batterysystem, which may be referred to as a high capacity battery as definedabove. Thus, in the context of the present application, an electricvehicle battery may be considered to generically refer to a battery thatmay be designed for or from an electric vehicle or may be a similarbattery in voltage and amperage. As mentioned above, one of ordinaryskill in the art would now recognize on reading the disclosure that suchhigh capacity batteries are configured to store in excess of 100 kWh.With specific reference to the Tesla battery pack (sometimes referred toas the Flat-Pack), the cavity 200 should have a length of about 2 to 2.5meters, a width of about 1 to 1.6 meters, and a height of about 15 to 16centimeters. The height may be extended a few centimeters, such as toabout 20 centimeters to allow for space for air flow, space forequipment, and the like. Of course, the cavity could be expanded toaccept multiple batteries along its length, width, or height. In eachcase, the cavity would be expanded accordingly. The cavity 200 isaccessible through an opening 202. The opening 202 may include a door204 movably coupled to the roof 112 using a hinge, an axle, or a slider.While the opening 202 is shown on one side of the canopy 100, theopening 202 could be on alternative sides to allow different or moreaccess. Also, instead of a single cavity as shown, if multiple batteriesare to be stored side-by-side, the cavity 200 may have a separationpanel 206 to separate the cavities into first and second cavities 200 ₁and 200 ₂, each of which may have an associated opening 202.

With reference to FIG. 2, one possible cavity 200 is shown having asingle separation panel 206 to separate the cavity 200 into a first side200 ₁ and a second side 200 ₂. As can be appreciated, the cavity 200could be integral to the canopy 100 above or a compartment 200 designedto be coupled to the canopy 100 as described throughout the presentapplication. The cavity 200 is further stacked into chambers 208 _(1a),208 _(1b), and 208 _(1c) on the first side 200 ₁ and chambers 208 _(2a),208 _(2b), and 208 _(2c) on the second side 200 ₂. The cavity 200 asshown would be sized to receive six separate batteries in individualchambers. More or less chambers are possible. Furthermore, theseparation panel 206 is optional as is the floor of each chamber 208although it is preferable not to stack batteries one directly on top ofthe other for heat buildup. In other words, the chambers 208 may beformed by open framed structures rather than completely enclosedstructures. With reference now to FIGS. 33A-D and 34, the sidewalls,separation panels, floors, and/or ceilings of chambers 208 may be formedwith fluid channels, such as tubes, or plates, such as cold plates, toreceive fluid to facilitate heat dissipation as will be explainedfurther below.

The cavity 200 has integrated into it electric battery connector 210.Electric battery connector 210 has contacts 212 to connect an electricbattery, not specifically shown, electrically to the power conditioner116, which may include control electronics to control the charge anddischarge of the electric battery. The term contacts is used genericallyto mean an electrical connection between two parts. A contact could beto electrical pads, plugs, pins, rods, soldered connections, ribbons,cables, busbars, or the like. The power conditioner 116 may beincorporated into the connector 210. One exemplary functional blockdiagram of an electrical configuration is shown in FIG. 12.

To facilitate the insertion and removal of the electric battery, thecavity chambers may include devices 214, as shown in chambers 208 _(1c)and 208 _(2c), to facilitate aligning and moving the electric batteries.The devices 214 may include rollers, bearings, rails, sliders or thelike to name but a few devices. The device 214 engages the electricbattery to align it with the contacts 212 and allow the battery to beinserted and removed without dragging the battery along the chamberbottom or along the surface of another battery. The contacts 212 arearranged to allow insertion of the battery to electrically connect thebattery to the power conditioner 116. But, as shown in FIG. 12, thepower conditioner 116 can output power from the renewable power source,such as panels 114, to the grid whether a battery is in the circuit ornot. The cavity chambers also may include vents 216, of which only oneis shown. The vents 216 would facilitate air flow. The battery connector210 may include a fan module 218 to further facilitate air flow todissipate heat and the like. The fan and vent path system will generallybe referred to as forced air or forced air cooling.

While the fan (or fans) 218 and vent (or vents) 216 allow for some aircooling of the high capacity batteries, the technology of the presentapplication may generate a significant amount of heat as the batteriescharge, store, and discharge energy. FIGS. 33A-D and 34 show severalembodiments of heat dissipation systems. Each of the heat dissipationssystems, including the fans and vents above, may be used singularly orin conjunction with one or more means for dissipating heat depending onthe kWh of the batteries. For example, it is believed that simple aircooling will not be sufficient for the high capacity batteries describedherein. Simple air cooling generally refers to convection to ambientair. Thus, as shown in FIG. 33A, the cavity 200 may include fluid plates3302 on one or more sides of a battery 3304 (or battery compartment asthat term is defined below). Fluid plates 3302 may be an open cavitythrough which fluid flows or a series of tubes or capillaries throughwhich fluid flows contained in a plate structure. Generally the platewould need to have a high thermal conductivity. The fluid plates 3302are coupled via pipes 3306 to a heat exchange 3308, typically a U-tubetype heat exchanger. The heat exchanger 3308 has an inlet 3310 and anoutlet 3312 as well as an intake 3314 and exhaust 3316. The heatdissipation system shown may further include a pump (not specificallyshown) to facilitate fluid flow for cooling of the battery orcompartment. Typically the fluid would be liquid water and the gas wouldbe forced air. In some cases, however, the fluid may be otherrefrigerants. When used with water, the heat exchanger is sometimesreferred to as a water chiller or the like. The intake 3314 and exhaust3316 may intake ambient air to remove the heat from the fluid as ittravels through the heat exchanger 3308.

Forced air cooling systems may be used as well. For example, as shown inFIGS. 33B and 33C, an air conditioning unit 3318 (or simply an airconditioner) may be installed in the cavity 200. The air conditioner3318 may be powered by the high capacity batteries, the powerconditioner, or the solar panels directly. The relatively cool air fromair conditioner 3318 travels across the surfaces of the high capacitybattery 3320 and exits an air exhaust 3322, which may be a vent asdescribed above. The cavity 200 may further have an exhaust fan 3324downstream from the air conditioner 3318 to facilitate movement of therelatively cooler air from the air conditioner 3318 across the surfacesof the high capacity battery 3320 and out the exhaust 3322 as shown inFIG. 33B. FIG. 33C shows a similar forced air cooling system having theair conditioner 3318 that causes forced air over the surfaces of highcapacity battery 3320. The air flow is directed by a panels 3326 (orvanes) along one surface and back along another surface of the highcapacity battery 3320 where it is recirculated through the airconditioner 3318 in a closed loop air system. In certain lower powerapplications, the forced air cooling may simply have a fan to forceambient air across the surfaces of the high capacity battery. As shownin FIG. 33D, a blower 3328 (or fan) may intake ambient air and force itacross the surfaces of the high capacity battery 3320 and out theexhaust 3322. Alternatively, the blower 3328 may be arranged downstreamof the high capacity battery 3320.

FIG. 34 shows a heat dissipation system 3400 consistent with thetechnology of the present application. The heat dissipation system 3400may be incorporated into the cavity 200 or into other parts of the solarpower canopy 100. The cavity 200 in this case has multiple high capacitybatteries 3402 separated by panels 3404. The ceiling 3406 and floor 3408may comprise cold plates 3410. The term cold plate and fluid plate isused interchangeably herein. A cold plate 3410 is a metal block withchannels to allow fluid circulation throughout the cold plate 3410. Thecold plate 3410 should be a good thermal conductor, such as, forexample, aluminum or the like. The cold plates 3410 are in fluidcommunication with a fluid source 3412, which may be a fluid reservoiror the output of a heat exchanger such as an evaporator as shown in thisexemplary embodiment. The fluid is forced through the cold plates 3410and the fluid source via a pump 3414. In one exemplary embodiment, thefluid is water and the pump 3414 is a water pump. Under certainconditions, water may exit the fluid source 3412 at a discharge andtravel through cold plates 3410. As heat is removed from the batteries,the water may phase change to steam. The steam would be returned to thefluid source at an intake where the evaporator would condense the steamback to water by circulating a refrigerant through the evaporator toremove the heat from the steam. Thus, the heat dissipation system 3400has a coolant loops 3416 and also a refrigerant loop 3418. Therefrigerant loop 3418 generally includes a compressor 3420, a condenser3422, an air intake manifold including a fan 3424, an air exhaustmanifold, and a pump 3426. The refrigerant may be any number ofrefrigerants. The refrigerant is used as the cooling medium for thefluid source, which is shown as an evaporator, but could be any type ofheat exchanger. The relatively hot refrigerant exits the heat exchangerand is compressed by compressor 3420 and condensed back to a liquid incondenser 3422. The relatively cool refrigerant enters the heatexchanger and the process continues. The refrigerant is cooled by theair flow through the condenser.

As shown in FIG. 12, above, the solar panels 114 may output powerdirectly to the external unit, such as the grid 1 or local power networkor any of the other devices mentioned throughout the applicationregardless of whether a battery is placed in the system. Similarly, thehigh capacity battery (or Energy Storage System) may output powerdirectly to the external unit, such as the grid 1 or local power networkor any of the other devices mentioned throughout the applicationregardless of a connection to another power supply. For example, withreference to FIG. 29, a functional schematic block diagram is shownconnecting the high capacity battery 2902 to a power grid or local powernetwork 2904. The high capacity battery 2902 is connected to the powergrid or local power network 2904 through the power conditioner 2906,which as shown includes, for example, a power conversion system 2908 anda transformer 2910. Generally, the power conversion system 2908 providesa DC-AC inversion, DC-DC step up or down, and rectification of incomingAC to DC. The transformer 2910 provides an AC to AC conversion to gridvoltage and inhibits a no-load condition on the grid. The transformer2910, while generally used, is optional depending on the system. Thepower out to the grid or local power network 2904 is provided when thebattery has stored sufficient energy to transfer power to the grid orlocal power network. When the battery lacks a sufficient store ofenergy, the grid, local power network, or alternative power source suchas solar panels, would supply energy to the battery 2902 as storage forwhen needed, such as spikes in grid load or the like. With reference toFIG. 29A, the minimal system shown in FIG. 29 is shown in anotheraspect. FIG. 29A provides a functional schematic block diagram havingthe high capacity battery 2902 that may be coupled to an external load2904A, such as the power grid or a local power network or other devicesmentioned throughout the application. The energy storage system 2900Aincludes a power conditioner 2906A, which includes, for example, a powerconversion system 2908, a transformer 2910, and a switchgear 2912Aelectrically, operably coupling the transformer 2910 to the externalload 2904A. The switchgear 2912A would be contained in the compartment,such as the battery compartments described throughout the presentapplication.

The technology of the present application, however, is scalable to avery high voltage, amperage arrangement. As mentioned above, each highcapacity battery may be capable of storing up to approximately 150 kWhusing conventional technology. The solar power canopy 100, however, maystore several such batteries. With particular reference to FIGS. 30 and31, functional schematic block diagrams are shown scaling batteries (orhigh capacity batteries) for increased voltage (stacked in series) andamperage (arranged in parallel). As shown, the scaled system provides aplurality of batteries 3002 to form a battery bank 3004 and a pluralityof battery banks 3004. The plurality of battery banks are connected to apower conditioner 3006, which includes a power conversion system 3008and a transformer 3010 as described above. For increased flexibility indesign and operating schemes, the power conditioner 3006 may include aplurality of power conversion systems 3008 forming a bank of powerconversion systems 3108 and a plurality of transformers 3010 forming abank of transformers 3110. As can be appreciated, batteries, powerconversion systems, and transformers can be added or removed as neededto facilitate the relatively rapid deployment and movability of thesystem making it highly adaptable for an emergency as well as apermanent power source. Thus, the energy storage systems describedherein will generally include canopy mounted inter-connectable elementsthat include a minimum of a high capacity battery and a powerconditioner, which may include power control electronics, transformers,inverters, and rectifiers as necessary. As used herein in one aspect,canopy mounted inter-connectable should be construed to mean parts ofthe energy storage system that are mounted inside, below, or on top of acanopy structure and that the elements are electrically operativelycoupled together. The scalable described in FIGS. 30 and 31 may furtherinclude the switchgear 2912A as described with reference to FIG. 29A.Moreover, a single switchgear may be provided or a plurality ofswitchgears up to at least one switchgear for each transformer or more.

FIG. 15 shows a rendering of solar canopy 100 in one exemplary use in ageneric parking lot P. The solar canopy 100 has the central supportstructure 102 with horizontal support struts 110 extending from thevertical strut 104. The solar canopy 100 has a plurality of solar panels114 over an open roof structure 112 comprising a plurality of horizontalbeams 103A extending between the horizontal support struts. Acompartment 1500 forming the above-mentioned cavity 200 is shown coupledto the horizontal beams 103A by bolted flanged members 1502. As one ofordinary skill in the art will now recognize on reading the disclosure,compartment 1500 may be part of an original construction or integralwith the canopy but also may be used to retrofit to an existing canopynot originally designed to incorporate the energy storage systemdescribed herein. The flanged members 1502 are shown bolted to thehorizontal beams 103A by bolts 1504, but the bolts 1504 may be replacedby other fastening means such as, for example, rivets, welds, or thelike, all of which are means for connecting the compartment 1500(retrofit or original construction) to the canopy 100. In certainaspects, bolting the compartment 1500 to the canopy is preferable toallow for disconnecting the compartment 1500 from any particular canopyand moving the compartment 1500 to another canopy or replacing thecompartment 1500 with another compartment 1500 that may be pre-loadedwith equipment as explained herein. As shown in FIG. 15, the compartment1500 can have an open top as it is protected from the elements by thesolar canopy roof and/or panels, or be an enclosed compartment as alsoshown. The compartment 1500 has a heat dissipation system as explainedabove, and at a minimum has vents to allow for heat dissipation. Withreference to FIG. 16, two retrofit compartments 1500 are shown in moredetail without the solar panels, heat dissipation systems, and a beam103A and the like for convenience. The compartments 1500 include aplurality of high capacity battery banks 1602. The high capacity batterybanks shown in FIG. 16 comprise squarish batteries 1604 arrangedhorizontally. The retrofit compartments 1500 also include one or morepower conditioners 1606, as explained above. The battery banks arecoupled to the power conditioners 1606 via plugin adapters as shown orother comparable connectors. With reference to FIG. 17, two retrofitcompartments 1500 are shown in more detail with flat pack high capacitybatteries 300 stacked in a framework 1700. The high capacity batteriesare similarly coupled to power conditioners 1702 via plugin adapters asshown or other comparable connectors. The flat pack high capacitybatteries 300 may be separated by, for example, the fluid plates 3302 orcold plates 3410 as described above where the heat dissipation system isincorporated into the compartment 1500.

Importantly, as can be appreciated, each of the compartments 800 (asdescribed below), 1500 (as described above) may contain both the highcapacity storage batteries as well as the electronics to connect thesame to the power grid or local power network as well as the heatdissipation systems. Additionally, the compartments 800 and 1500 may bedesigned to hold the external load, which load may include therefrigerants, servers, or electronic vehicle chargers, or the like. Thisprovides for swapping, hot or cold swapping, a compartment 800, 1500from one solar canopy 100 to another solar canopy 100 located in adifferent location. For example, in a disaster area, a compartment 800from a solar canopy 100 in an area where a power grid is functioningnormally may be removed an relocated to a solar canopy 100 in an areawhere the power grid is not functioning normally.

With reference back to FIG. 1, it can be appreciated that high capacitybatteries, especially those associated with electric vehicles, havedifferent sizes and shapes. While the technology of the presentapplication is designed for use with high capacity batteriesspecifically designed for the solar power canopy 100, one possiblesource of high capacity batteries includes currently availableelectrical car batteries. Moreover, as no specific standard for highcapacity batteries currently exists, it is envisioned that commercialhigh capacity batteries may take many shapes. With specific reference toelectric vehicle batteries as shown in FIGS. 3-6, for example, a varietyof current shapes are shown. FIG. 3 specifically shows a flat-pack typebattery 300. The battery 300 has connectors 302 that are configured tocouple to connectors 210 in the various cavities above. The connectors302/210 may be electrically connected by physical contact or via plugincables, busbars, or the like. While a number of contacts are possible,FIGS. 35 and 36 show two possible types of connectors. FIG. 35 providesfor a modular busbar 3502 having one or more joinable sections 3504running alongside of the compartments 800 and 1500, for example. Thebusbar 3502 may be increased or decreased in length as necessary byjoining or removing sections 3504 as compartments are added or removedfrom the canopy structure. FIG. 36, alternatively, shows blind matecontacts 3602 on a side of the compartments 800 and 1500 having apositive contact 3604 and a negative contact 3606. The blind matecontacts 3602 would connect adjoining compartments or electronics. Eachcompartment or energy storage system may be provided with multiple typesof interconnections. With reference to FIG. 4, another flat-pack typebattery 400 is shown. The battery 400 is generally bulkier in certainsections, but generally configured to fit well in a flatter cavity suchas cavity 200 shown above. The chamber 208 into which the battery isplaced would need to have a height H of approximately 27 to 30 cms asopposed to the height H of 15 to 16 cms mentioned above. In any event,the batteries shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are arranged generally long, wide,and flat, with flat generally meaning a height of less than 30 cms. Thecavities could be specifically dimensioned for particular battery ordesign to accept the largest diameters associated with any particularbattery type. In certain embodiments, the cavities or chambers would besized to operatively receive a specially designed electric vehiclebattery or a similar high voltage and amperage battery. With referenceto FIG. 5, a battery pack 500 is shown. The battery pack 500 isconfigured in a different arrangement than the batteries 300 and 400above. The battery pack 500 is generally associated with the Chevy Voltelectric vehicle and is in a “T” shape configuration. Still anotherbattery pack 600, as shown in FIG. 6, includes a box or cylinder likestructure that is associated with the Toyota Prius electric vehicle. Ascan be appreciated, the batteries 500 and 600 are not as suited forinsertion and removal from a long, flat cavity as may be associated withcavity 200. The cavity 200 for batteries of this type may providecavities or chambers specifically designed to fit the differentconfigurations. While the internals of the cavity (dimensions,electrical connections, and equipment) may be different for each batterytype, the externals of the cavity may be designed with a uniform orstandard configuration to allow for easy of changes outs or swapping ofcavities from one canopy to the next. Alternatively, the solar canopy100 may be provided with a cavity 700 in a support beam, or multiplecavities 700 as shown. For example, cavity 700 ₁ is shown in the centralstrut support 102. The cavity 700 ₁ includes a vertical portion 700_(1v) that extends along the vertical strut 104. The cavity 700 ₁ alsoincludes a horizontal portion 700 _(1h) that extends along thehorizontal support strut 110. The cavity 700 may include a plurality ofcavities similar to cavity 200 above, which similarities will not bere-summarized herein. The cavity 700 is sized to fit, for example, thebattery pack 500. While the cavity 700 ₁ can be sized to fit the “T”shaped battery pack 500, it also could be designed to fit the box orcylinder structure associated with battery back 600. Alternatively, thesolar canopy 700 could have another cavity 700 ₂ that was more of acylindrical or box shape to accommodate the specific shape of a morecylindrical battery. The cavity 700 ₂ could be either vertical orhorizontal in arrangement. Each support strut 104 and 110 could havemultiple cavities depending on the size of the support strut. In atleast one embodiment, the solar canopy would have multiple cavities 200and 700.

While FIG. 1 shows a solar canopy 100 specifically designed toincorporate the technology of the present application, existing solarcanopies would need to be retrofitted with cavities specificallydesigned to hold/store high capacity batteries, a bank of batteries, oneor more electric vehicle batteries, or the like. With reference now toFIG. 7, a retrofit compartment 800 is provided. As explained above, theretrofit compartment 800 is described with reference to incorporatingthe compartment into an existing solar canopy although the compartment800 may be used in an original solar power canopy 100 construction as analternative to a cavity in the roof structure as explained above.Retrofit compartment 800 comprises a cavity 802, which could be sized orshaped similar to any of the cavities 200 and 700 described above;although, cavity 802 is shown similar in size and shape to cavity 200for ease of reference. Cavity 802, similar to cavity 200, may includemultiple chambers or spaces sized to receive one or more high capacitybatteries or battery banks. As mentioned above, the ceilings, floors,sidewalls, etc. may incorporate the fluid plates or cold plates for theheat dissipation system as described above or the forced air systems asdescribed above. Retrofit compartment 800 also includes a means ofconnecting the retrofit compartment 800 to the solar canopy 100, eitherthe roof 112 or the support strut 102. For example, the retrofitcompartment 800 may include one or more extended flanges 804 that extendfrom one of the top, side, or bottom surfaces of the retrofitcompartment 800, of which two are shown in FIG. 8. The flanges 804 mayinclude bores 806 to accept bolts to allow the retrofit compartment 800to be bolted to the solar canopy 100, which bores 806 are shown on oneof the flanges 804. As shown on the other flange 804, a weld or adhesivematerial 808 may be applied to the flange 804 to adhere, weld, glue,etc. the retrofit compartment 800 to the solar canopy 100. Withreference back to FIG. 11, if the canopy 100 is provided with astandalone inverter box 2 (also known as a power conditioner box) or arack 3, the retrofit compartment 800 may be fit into a box that isconnectable to either the standalone inverter box 2 or rack 3 ratherthan the roof 112 or support structure 102. In certain embodiments, theroof of the canopy may be provided with a pivot 201 connection to thecompartment 800 (such as an axle or the like). The compartment 800 canbe operatively connected to the canopy as shown in FIG. 2A with movementof the compartment 800 in a direction shown by arrow 1 until the pivot201 provides a rotatable or pivotal connection along an axis A. Thecompartment 800 would be rotated in a direction shown by arrow 2 untilthe compartment 800 is latched at the end opposite the pivot 201. Anyconventional latch would be appropriate, but not specifically shownherein.

With reference to 39, rather than bolts to couple the solar canopy 100and the compartment 800, a plurality of clamps 3900 may be provided. Theclamps 3900 may be pivotally coupled to, for example, the support beams,struts, or the like as described throughout the present application,using a hinged connection or the like. The clamp 3900 has a support arm3902 an a pair of protruding clamp arms 3904. The pair of protrudingclamp arms 3904 are separated by approximately the associated dimensionof the compartment 800 (or other compartments as explained throughoutthe present application). The clamp arms 3904 may be coated with arubber or the like to frictionally engage the compartment 800 or thelike. The compartment 800 would be lofted to the appropriate position(possibly with a fork lift) and the clamps 3900 would be pivoted untilthe clamp arms 3904 coupled to the compartment 800 to secure thecompartment. When deployed, the support arm 3902 may be generallyperpendicular to the ground or the roof of the canopy.

Another possible retrofit or original construction may include a railsystem 1000 to allow modular insertion of the retrofit compartment 800as shown in FIG. 13. As can be appreciated, the modular retrofitcompartment 800 may be used for canopies specifically designed for theretrofit compartment but retrofit compartment 800 is not added untilsubsequent to actual deployment. In still other embodiments, theretrofit compartment 800 may be included with the rail system 1000 priorto the original or actual deployment of the canopy 100. The rail system1000 comprises another possible means of attaching the retrofitcompartment 800 to the canopy 100. The rail system 1000 may include acarrier plate 1002 or the like having a top side 1004 and a bottom side1006 opposite the top side 1004. The designations of top and bottom arefor orientation of the device and should not be considered limiting. Thecarrier plate 1002 may be arranged such that the top side 1004 isattachable to the roof 112 of the canopy 100 (not shown in FIG. 13 forclarity). The carrier plate 1002 may have a plurality of bores 1008 toallow the carrier plate to be bolted to the roof 112. Alternatively, thecarrier plate 1002 may be welded to the roof 112. Also, in certainembodiments, the carrier plate 1002 may not be necessary as the belowdescribed parts of the rail system 1000 may be attached directly to roof112.

A pair of rails 1010 are attached to or integral with the bottom side1006 of the carrier plate 1002. The rail 1010 has a first wall 1012extending generally perpendicular to the bottom side 1006 of the carrierplate 1002, a second wall 1014 extending generally perpendicular to thebottom side 1006 of carrier plate 1002, and a third wall 1016 extendinggenerally parallel to first surface 1012 displaced by a distance D toform a channel 1018. The second wall 1014 may alternatively be called abottom of the channel 1018 herein. The channel 1018 may contain rollers1020, which are shown on the bottom of channel 1018, but could also bein the walls 1012 or 1016. The rollers 1020 may be bearings or the like.The rollers 1020 may be optional if the surfaces of the rail 1010 aresufficiently lubricious to allow sliding movement of the retrofitcompartment. With reference back to FIG. 7, retrofit compartment 800 hasflanged surfaces 804. The flanged surface 804 would be shaped tooperatively fit in channel 1018 in a tongue and groove configuration toallow the retrofit compartment 800 to slide into the rail system 1000.Notice while one exemplary rail system 1000 and fanged surface 804 isshown, other shapes or configurations for similar rail systems arepossible. Additionally, the flanged surface 804 in certain embodimentsmay have rollers 1020 rather than or in combination with the channel1018.

FIG. 21 shows alternative rail mounting systems 2100. Portions of thesolar canopy are not shown in FIG. 21 for convenience. The rail mountingsystem 2100 includes one or more vertical struts 2102 and at least twohorizontal struts 2104 although more or less horizontal struts arepossible depending on the weight of the compartment 2108 and otherdesign factors. The horizontal struts 2104, or mounting rails, maysupport the solar panels 2118 as shown in the side elevation of FIG. 22.The horizontal struts 2104 have a flanged rail 2106. The retrofitcompartments 2108 have flanged supports 2110. The flanged supports 2110may be bolted to the flanged rail 2106 via corresponding bolt bores2112, which is similar to the coupling of compartment 800 describedabove. As shown, three retrofit compartments 2108 are shown attached totwo horizontal struts 2104 with flanged rails 2106. Alternatively tohaving horizontal struts, the vertical struts 2104 could have flangedrails 2106 at a top of the posts 2114 forming posts at each corner 2116of a retrofit compartment 2108 such that the flanged supports 2110 areattached to flanged rails 2106 on the vertical struts 2102. As shown inFIG. 22, the solar panels 2118 are mounted supported by the horizontalstruts 2104. The horizontal struts 2104 do not have a flanged rail butrather form a beam with a top side 2120. The retrofit compartment 2108has flanged supports 2110 that extend over the top side 2120 such thatthe top side 2120 acts as the flanged rail 2106 such that the flangedsupport 2110 can be bolted or coupled to the horizontal struts 2104. Ascan be appreciated, the retrofit compartment 2108 may be an enclosedcompartment to protect the electronics from the elements or the like. Toaccess the retrofit compartment 2108 while installed, the roof 2122 ofthe retrofit compartment 2108 may have one or more doors 2124 that areconnected to the roof 2122 via a hinge 2126 to allow the one or moredoors to rotate open (as shown by the directional arrow 2128) or closed(as shown by the directional arrow 2130). The solar panels 2118 may beremovable or coupled to the doors 2124 to allow access to the internalsof the retrofit compartment 2108 while mounted to a canopy. Bolting theretrofit compartment 2108 to the rails allows for unbolting and movingof retrofit compartments from one solar canopy to another as required.

FIGS. 24 and 25 show an alternative mounting configuration for aretrofit compartment 2400. In this configuration, the solar canopy mayhave a roof 2402 to which the solar panels (not shown) are mounted. Theroof 2402 may be supported by one or more beams 2404, such as I beams orthe like. The retrofit compartment top panel 2406 may have threadedprotrusions 2408 that extend through bores 2410 in the roof 2402 whenthe retrofit compartment 2400 is moved into place as shown bydirectional arrow 2412. Nuts, not specifically shown, would be threadedonto the threaded protrusions 2408 to fasten the retrofit compartment2400 to the roof 2402 of the solar canopy. Alternatively, to thethreaded protrusions 2408, the protrusions 2408 may be solid pins orstakes with a bore 2416. A rod 2418, or a pair of pins rather than arod, may be lock in the bore to hold the retrofit compartment 2400 inplace.

FIG. 26 shows still another means for fastening the retrofit compartment2600 to a solar canopy, only a portion of which is shown in FIG. 26. Thesolar canopy comprises a roof 2602 that includes or forms part of asleeve or container 2604 defining a space 2606 into which the retrofitcompartment 2600 may be placed, as shown by directional arrow 2608. Thesleeve comprises struts 2610 defining sidewalls depending from the roof2602 (or an upper surface if not the roof). The base 2610 is formed by asheet, such as steel or concrete. The base 2610 has one or more doors2612 pivotally connected to the base 2610 by one or more hinge 2614,such as a conventional door or piano hinge, to allow the doors 2612 tobe opened as shown by directional arrows 2616. While shown as a bottomloaded space 2606, the doors 2612 could be formed in the roof 2602rather than the base 2610.

To facilitate the modular design, and the retrofitting of existingcanopies that may not have roof structures designed for the weight of abattery compartment, other means for supporting the compartments may beprovided such as, for example, the exemplary support system shown inFIG. 37A-C. For simplicity, FIGS. 37A and 37B show a solar canopy 3700with a roof 3702 having solar panels 3704 mounted thereon. The roof 3702in this exemplary embodiment is supported by at least two vertical legs3706, which may be connected to a concrete foundation or buried asrequired. Each of the vertical legs 3706 incorporate, or are modified tohave, a plurality of bolt holes 3708 extending therethrough, althoughthe bolt holes 3708 could be blind holes. A pair of flanged connectors3710 having corresponding bolt bores 3712 in a flanged surface 3714,which is shaped to operatively join the vertical legs 3706, that alignwith bolt holes 3708 are provided. Bolts and nuts couple the flangedconnectors 3710 to the vertical legs 3706. The flanged connectors haveone or more protrusions 3716 extending from the flanged surface 3714forming a shelf or arm on which a battery compartment 3718 or energystorage system may rest. The protrusions 3716 may have bolt holes orbores to stabilize the battery compartment 3718. As an alternative tobolt holes 3708 and bolt bores 3713, the flanged connectors 3710 mayinclude a clamp that encircles the vertical leg 3706 to hold the flangedconnectors 3710 in place.

With reference to FIG. 37C, it should be appreciated that certain solarcanopies may have vertical legs that are separated by a distance muchgreater than a dimension of the battery compartment 3718. A roofconnector 3720 may be provided to work cooperatively with a singleflanged connector 3710 or multiple flanged connectors 3710 as shown. Theroof connector has a flanged surface 3722 from which a support column3724 extends. The flanged surface 3722 may comprise a plurality of boltbores 3712 to align with bolt holes 3708 in the roof 3702 of the solarcanopy 3700. The support column 3724 may have a flare 3726 to a radialprotrusion 3728 (or one or more arm like protrusions 3728) forming ashelf or ledge on which the battery compartment 3718 may be held. FIG.37C shows a pair of battery compartments 3718 held with a pair offlanged connectors 3710 and a single roof connector 3720. More or lessbattery compartments 3718 may be held between vertical legs 3706.Moreover, a battery compartment 3718 may be held by two or more roofconnectors 3720 in certain embodiments contemplated herein.

FIG. 38 shows a solar power canopy 3800, which is similar to the solarpower canopy 3700 shown in FIGS. 37A-C. Solar power canopy 3800 includesa roof 3802 having solar panels 3804 mounted thereon. The roof 3802 inthis exemplary embodiment is supported by at least two vertical legs3806, which may be connected to a concrete foundation or buried asrequired. Each of the vertical legs 3806 incorporate, or are modified tohave, at least one bolt hole 3808 extending therethrough, although thebolt hole 3808 could be a blind hole. A support beam 3810, such as atruss as shown in the exemplary embodiment, has protrusions 3812 thatextend into the bolt holes 3808 on adjacent vertical legs 3806. Theprotrusions 3812 may have threaded ends to receive a nut (not shown) tosecure the support beam 3810. Battery compartments 3814 can be coupledto the support beam 3810 as shown to hang from the support beam 3810.Alternatively, the support beam 3810 can be used as a floor on which thebattery compartments 3814 can rest.

As can be appreciated, the retrofit compartments outlined above, andhereinbelow, may comprise a significant weight as they may contain allthe hardware and electronics necessary for the functioning of the solarcanopy. Thus, in one embodiment of the technology of the presentapplication, a winch 2700 may be provided as shown in FIG. 27. The winch2700, which may be permanently fixed to the solar canopy in a preferredembodiment or portable, is fastened to the roof 2702 of the solar canopy2701. The winch 2700 may comprise a series of pulleys and motors asrequired. A cable 2704 extends from the winch 2700 to the retrofitcompartment 2706. The winch 2700 is operable to lift the retrofitcompartment 2706 until it can be coupled to the roof 2702 by any of themeans described herein.

The batteries 300, 400, 500, and 600 are contemplated to be end of lifelarge capacity batteries such as are used in the propulsion systems ofelectric vehicles, as outlined above. While it is contemplated that endof life large capacity batteries from electric vehicles will generallybe used with the technology of the present application, other highcapacity batteries also are contemplated such as, for example, newbatteries, refurbished batteries, or specially designed batteries.Alternatively, a series of batteries may be provided into a batterybank. These high capacity batteries 901 are housed in a housing, such ashousing 900 shown in FIG. 8, but generally comprise a number of smallerunits. The high capacity batteries, such as battery 300 for example, aregenerally comprised of a number of smaller units 902. For example, thehigh capacity battery 300 may comprise 50 to 100 smaller units 902connected in series to produce a high volt and amperage battery as eachof the units 902 add to the overall charge output. Each of the smallerunits 902 are themselves comprised of a number of individual cellbatteries 904, typically connected in parallel. With reference to FIG.9, the battery 901 may be represented electrically as a number ofsmaller battery units 902 in series, which add up to a total voltageoutput of between about 250 volts to about 400 volts depending on theelectric vehicle manufacturer. The battery drives the car or load 906,which is variable depending on many conditions of the operating car. Asmentioned earlier, each small unit 902 comprises a number of individualcells or batteries 904 typically arranged in parallel. With reference,for example, to the Tesla battery for the original Roadster, 69 cells orindividual batteries 904 are connected in parallel to make one smallunit 902, or brick as referred to by Tesla. The Roadster battery furthercomprises 99 bricks or small units 902 connected in series for a totalof 6,831 cells to make the entire battery.

In the case of the canopy 100 where a retrofit compartment 800 is usedto add the high capacity battery storage or energy storage system, theretrofit compartment 800 may be designed with the cavity 802 shaped tofit the battery being stored. For example, the cavity 802 would have aT-shape to store the battery pack 500 described above. The cavity 802would have other shapes operative to store and electrically connect theappropriate battery shape to the power conditioner 116 as describedabove. In other words, the retrofit compartment 800 would have a genericinterface connection electrically to the solar panels or powerconditioner but internally in the cavity or chamber, the genericinterface connection would route to the electric vehicle batterycontacts. Also, as mentioned above, the retrofit compartment 800 may besized and shaped to interconnect with the standalone inverter box 2 orrack 3. For example, with reference to FIG. 14, a standalone inverterbox 2 is shown. A retrofit compartment 800 is joined to the standaloneinverter box 2 at junction 1400. The junction 1400 comprises anelectrical mating of the electronics in the retrofit compartment 800(e.g., from the battery to the junction 1400) and the electronics in thestandalone inverter box 2 to the junction 1400 (e.g., from the powerconditioner 116 (which includes an inverter). As shown the junction 1400includes a male protrusion, female socket arrangement where the femalesocket 1402 shown in the standalone inverter box 2 may have pins orcontacts that couple with the pins or contacts of the male protrusion1404 extending from the retrofit compartment 800. While shown asconnected to a standalone inverter box 2, the retrofit compartment 800could similarly electrically and mechanically mate to the rack 3.

As can be appreciated, at the end of a useful life, the individual cellsor batteries 904 begin to fail. Because they are arranged in parallel,the charge of the smaller unit 902 in which the failing battery 904 issituated will be substantially degraded. For example, smaller unit 908contains failing individual cell or battery 910. The individual cell orbattery 910 may, for example, fail to 0%, but in the normal case willfail to some reduced level of voltage capacity, such as, for example,20% full capacity charge. If the individual cells or batteries 904 had afull voltage capacity (e.g., at 100% capacity) of 4 volts, for example,at 20% capacity, the individual cell or battery 910 would have a voltagecapacity of 0.8 volts. Thus, the smaller unit 902 is limited to itscapacity to the maximum capacity of the most compromised individual cellor battery. Assuming all the other individual cells or batteries 904 areat 100% efficiency, which is unlikely, the overall voltage of thebattery 901 would be reduced 3.2 volts because of the single damaged orcompromised individual cell. Generally, many of the individual cells orbatteries 904 are in various states of degradation. Thus, the overallcapacity of the battery 901 varies over time. Generally, it is believedthat the overall efficiency of the battery 901 will reduce, on average,to 85% over approximately 5 to 10 years of use. While the overallcapacity of the battery 901 may be approximately 85%, that 85% capacitymay include some individual cells or batteries 904 being at or close to0% capacity, rendering the smaller unit 902 to essentially 0% capacitywhile others will remain at a higher capacity, potentially around 95 to100% capacity. Generally, charge and discharge of li-ion batteries isregulated using a battery management system of some type to control themaximum charge and discharge of series units in particular. For example,if you have seven four-volt units in series, the total charge on theseries of units is 28 volts. However, if you charge the series of unitsto 28 volts when one of the units is underperforming, the units becomeunbalanced and, instead of each having four volts, one unit may have 2volts and another 6 volts, which is damaging to the li-ion battery.Similarly, when discharging the series of units, a battery managementsystem prevents any one unit from over discharging. For example, if theabove 7 units in series discharged in a balanced manner to 21 volts,each of the units would have about 3 volts. However, in an unbalanceddischarge, one of the units may over discharge, which can damage thechemical compositions of the battery. Thus, a battery management systemis implemented for each battery. The battery management system may beassociated with the housing of the particular battery or incorporatedinto the power conditioner instead of being a standalone unit. Thebatteries shown above, 300, 400, 500, and 600 each have batterymanagement systems incorporated into the systems, which systems may beleveraged herein or replaced.

In one aspect of the technology of the present application, end of lifebatteries 901 may be refurbished to replace deficient smaller units 902or individual cells or batteries 904. For example, the housing 900 maybe opened and each of the individual smaller units 902 may be tested forcapacity and retained or replaced as required. Alternatively, theoriginal housing 900, such as for example, the original housing forbatteries 300, 400, 500, and 600 may be discarded in favor of a new oralternative housing 900. The housing 900 may include a batterymanagement unit 912. The battery management unit 912 may include, amongother things, a coolant system 913. The coolant system 913, in oneaspect, may include a liquid coolant system and comprise one or more ofa pump 914 or motive force, a heat exchanger 915, a fan 917, acompressor (not shown), a sump, and a plurality of tubes 916 carryingcoolant throughout the housing. A plurality of temperature sensors 918strategically placed in the housing 900 may provide temperatureinformation to processor 920 that controls the pump, the fan, and/or thecompressor to regulate the temperature of the housing 900. In oneexemplary embodiment, the pump 914 controls a speed amount of coolantflowing through the system. The fan 917 may change airflow both throughthe housing 900 and across the heat exchanger 915.

As mentioned above, the cavities 200 and 700 have further coolingmechanisms such as fans and vents to facilitate airflow over and aroundthe housing 900, but the solar canopies 100 may further include liquidcoolant systems similar to those described in the above. Also, the powerconditioner 116 or the battery connector 210 also may receiveinformation from temperature sensors in the cavities to facilitateelectrical disconnection of the battery or cells to avoid an exothermicreaction. FIG. 28 shows one exemplary configuration for a coolingsystem. The solar canopy 2800 may have a roof panel (or solar panel)2802 that has a fan bank 2804 with one or more fans 2805. The roof panel2802 provides one or more exhaust ports 2806. The retrofit compartment2808 may further comprise one or more intakes 2810, which may be slots,bores, perforations or the like. The intake 2810 may include a screen orfilter to inhibit debris from entering the retrofit compartment. The fanor fans 2804 may be powered by the battery unit and power conditioner inthe retrofit compartment 2808.

One of the batteries described herein, such as, for example, battery300, 400, 500, 600, or 901 may be mechanically coupled to the solarcanopy in one or more chambers 200 or 700 as described above. Thebattery may be electrically coupled to the solar panels 114. Theelectrical charge generated by the solar panels 114 may be fed directlyto the batteries or, in the alternative, the battery or batteries may beelectrically coupled to the power conditioner 116, which is electricallycoupled to the solar panels 114. The power conditioner 116 may furtherbe coupled to the power grid as is generally understood in the art.During operation of the solar canopy 100, the power conditioner 116 maybe used to regulate the charge and discharge of the battery to maintaina constant power supply to the public power grid. For example, duringdaylight hours when the solar panels 114 produce the highest amount ofenergy, the power conditioner 116 may split the energy to provide afirst constant energy output to the power grid and use the remainder tocharge the large capacity batteries outlined above. During periods withless direct sunlight, the power conditioner 116 may switch off thecharging of the battery and supply the energy produced by the solarcanopies only to the power grid. When even less energy is produced bythe solar canopies, the power conditioner 116 may switch to providingenergy from the power grid directly from the solar panels and the allowa discharge from the battery to ensure a constant power output to thepower grid. If the solar panels are producing no energy, the powerconditioner 116 may provide the predetermined power output completelyfrom the electric battery. In still other embodiments, the powerconditioner 116 provides all the output of the solar panels 114 tocharge the electric battery (or batteries) when the solar panels outputany energy. The power conditioner 116 further provides a constant outputor discharge from the battery (or batteries) to eliminate any potentialfluctuation in power due to the irregular output of the solar panels. Inthis option, typically the battery or batteries would be in a constantstate of charge and discharge.

From review of the above, one of ordinary skill in the art will nowrecognize that the energy storage systems (ESSs) described in thepresent application may weight a significant amount. The weight includesthe high capacity battery, power conditioner electronics, andpotentially other equipment and external units in some embodiments, butalso the heat dissipation systems in other embodiments and the liquidrequired for the coolant. Thus, as shown in FIG. 40, the canopies may bedesigned with or provided with fluidic or mechanical lift equipment. Inone exemplary embodiment, hydraulic or pneumatic lifts 4000 orhydraulic/pneumatic cylinders may be provide. The lifts 4000 includevertical stanchions 4002 and movable piston members 4004 connected by afloor 4006. The battery compartment 4008 may be mounted on the floor4006 and hoisted into position by the lift 4000.

While generally described as an energy storage device, sometimepotentially referred to as “Storage as a Service”, that is particularlyuseful for emergency conditions, the technology of the presentapplication is not limited to emergency conditions. Rather, thetechnology may be useful in many everyday environments. FIG. 32 showsone particularly useful application of the technology of the presentapplication for sporting events. In particular, the solar canopy 3200 isshown with a central vertical support 3202 coupled to a pair ofhorizontal supports 3204 angled slightly upward to form an inverted “V”structure (although any solar canopy shape is usable). The horizontalsupports 3204 support the solar panels 3206. The solar canopy 3200 isloaded with a plurality of retrofit compartments 3208 in this particularembodiment. The retrofit compartments 3208 have a base 3209 with adepending sidewall 3210 forming a cavity or recess 3212. In thisparticular embodiment, the recess 3212 is sized to fit a monitor 3214 orother display device, such as, for example, a high definition monitor or3-D screen to name but two potential monitors. The monitor 3214 ispivotally connected to one or more of the depending sidewalls 3210 toallow the monitor 3214 to have a stowage position and a viewing positionas shown. Further, as shown in FIG. 32, the central vertical support3202 may be enlarged as shown in the figure. The enlarged verticalsupport 3202 may allow for the inclusion of the extendable antenna 1800.Additionally, other useful or convenience items may be located in a bin3216, such as a refrigerator 3218. The bin 3216 may otherwise holdcommon items for the function being supported, similar to a householdpantry or the like. The bin 3216 may have one or more doors 3220 thatmay be lockable. The solar canopy may further include vending machines3222 or the like as well as is desired by the end users.

Other uses for the technology include, among other things having theexternal unit be an electric vehicle charger to allow for high capacitycharging of electric vehicle batteries. This may be particularly usefulin remote locations where access to national or State power grid is notavailable. The solar panels and high capacity batteries ensure theelectric vehicle charger station would always have sufficient storedenergy or available energy to charge an electric vehicle battery. Yetanother use is for computing power, such as, for example, cryptocurrencymining computational power. Servers mining cryptocurrency, or solvingthe equations, use a tremendous amount of energy, but the servers may beintermediately turned off as needed. Thus, powering servers using thesolar canopy renewable energy and/or stored energy allows for poweringthe servers to solve equations when power is available. For those solarcanopies with connections to a national or State power grid, the serverscould also be shut off when the national or State power grids are atpeak or exceeded power demands such that additional power can be provideto the grid. The solar canopies also are uniquely suited to solvecryptocurrency equations for those currencies that require “GREEN”energy sources.

Another use for the Energy Storage Canopy is described with referencenow to FIG. 41, an energy storage canopy 5100 is provided in a parkinglot as evidenced by the parking strips. The energy storage canopy 5100may be considered a renewable energy storage canopy 5100 or a solarcanopy 5100 with energy storage as will be explained further below.While shown in a parking lot, the energy storage canopy 5100 may beerected in many diverse locations. The energy storage canopy 5100, asshown, is a conventional T or Y shape formed by a central verticalsupport 5102 and horizontal supports 5104 extending in oppositedirections from the central vertical support 5102. The T or Y shape isformed depending on whether the horizontal supports 5104 are flat orangulated. In some embodiments, the energy storage canopy 5100 may havea cantilever or L shape. In these instances, the horizontal supporttypically extends in only one direction. In other embodiments, thecentral vertical support 5102 may be side supports such that the profileof the solar canopy is more of a box or rectangular shape.

The energy storage canopy 5100 may be operatively coupled to the powergrid and to a local building, such as a commercial building orresidence. Often these buildings have limited space. The local buildingsoften are loath to provide real estate that could be used for otherconventional business operations for equipment to offset energy needs.Thus, the energy storage canopy 5100 provides a unique solution in thatthe equipment can be located in a superstructure separate from the localbuilding that at the same time has a limited footprint impact on thebusiness's real estate. The energy storage canopy 5100, as provided inFIG. 41, provides a location above already assigned parking to house theequipment to be described herein, which minimizes the impact of theequipment on the business's real estate.

The energy storage canopy 5100 further includes a roof 5106, which isshown as generally supported by horizontal supports 5104. The roof 5106may have perimeter support beams 5108. As shown, the energy storagecanopy 5100 provides for a solar array 5110 of solar panels 5112 overthe roof 5106. Thus, energy storage canopy 5100 may be referred to as asolar canopy 5100 in view of the use of the solar array 5110. The solararray 5110 may be combined with a wind turbine system 5200, as shown inFIG. 42. The wind turbine system 5200 shown is considered a micro-windturbine and generally has a vertical support 5202, such as the verticalpole shown. A wind turbine 5204 is coupled to the top end 5206 of thevertical support 5202. A plurality of blades 5208 are coupled to a rotorof the wind turbine 5204. The wind turbine may have a directional vane5210 to facilitate the optimal positioning of the blades 5208. Thevertical support 5202, in certain embodiments, may have guy wires 5212to facilitate support. In some embodiments, the central pole 5202 may bereplaced by a more substantial derrick as is generally known. In certainembodiments, the wind turbine system 5200 may replace the solar array5110. In certain embodiments, the wind turbine system 5200 may bestorable such that the vertical support 5202 can retract and expand toallow deployment of the wind turbine system 5200. As multiple renewableenergy sources are possible, the energy storage canopy 5100 may bereferred to as a renewable energy storage canopy 5100. If only a windturbine system 5200 is used, the energy storage canopy 100 may bereferred to as a wind turbine canopy 5100.

With reference back to FIG. 41, a portion of the solar array 5110 hasbeen removed to show portions of the energy storage canopy 5100 belowthe solar array 5110. As can be seen, the roof 5106 comprises aplurality of weight bearing members 5120, which are shown aslongitudinally extending beams in the figure, but could be transverselyextending beams, a combination thereof, or other arrangement of beams.The weight bearing members 5120 may be, for example, one or more I beamsor the like. The weight bearing members 5120 support a plurality ofcompartments 5122. The compartments 5122, which may be removable orintegral with the solar canopy 5100, contain equipment as will elsewhereexplained herein. The equipment includes structure to store energy,whether electrical energy or refrigerant energy as will be explained.The stored energy is released or used during on-peak energy time toreduce the drain on power systems such as grid or local power, whichalso has the benefit of reducing costs.

FIG. 41 also shows an interior 5124 of some of the plurality ofcompartments 5122. The interior 5124 may include, among other things,connectors 5126, conductors 5128 (such as bus bars or the like), highcapacity storage batteries 5130, power conditioning systems 5132, and aDC/AC inverter 5134, which transforms the DC power of the renewablesource, such as the solar array 5110, or the high capacity storagebatteries 5130 into AC for the grid. The DC/AC inverter 5134 alsoconverts AC to DC when (and if) grid power is used to charge the highcapacity storage batteries 5130. In certain embodiments, it may bebeneficial to charge the high capacity storage batteries 5130 using thepower grid during off-peak demand times to provide more fully chargedbatteries 5130 available for use during on-peak demand times. One ormore of the compartments 5122 may further include a switchgear 5136coupling the solar array 5110 and high capacity storage batteries 5130to the power grid. The connection to the power grid may be contained inthe compartments 5122 or otherwise coupled to energy storage canopy 5100through an electrical distribution panel 5138. High capacity storagebattery 5130 means, for the purposes of the present application, thebatteries can store a minimum of 10 kWh of energy, but typically includeupwards of 100 kWh to about 150 kWh or more.

As can be appreciated, the high capacity batteries may be similar tobatteries associated with electric cars such as, for example, a Teslacar battery, a Toyota Prius car battery, a Chevrolet Volt car battery, aNissan Leaf, a combination thereof, or the like. Each of these batteriesare typically formed by a number of battery pods coupled in parallelwherein each of the battery pods includes a number of battery cellscoupled in series. Each of the battery pods typically has an individualcapacity of between about 2 to 10 kWh. Each of the battery pods and orbattery cells may include electronics to allow for swapping or isolationof damaged components. The electronics may include, for example, DC/DCconverts or transformers and switches.

FIG. 43 shows a schematic of the electrical connection between aplurality of high capacity storage batteries 5130, some stacked inseries and some stacked parallel, which results in a battery bank 5300.The battery bank 5300 may be coupled to a power conditioner 5302. Thepower conditioner 5302 includes, among other things, power conversionsystem 5304 and a DC/AC inverter 5306 (or transformer 5306). While onlyone (1) power conditioner 5302 is shown, the compartments 5122 mayinclude multiple power conditioners 5304, which would include multiplepower conversion systems 5304 and multiple DC/AC inverters 5306. Whilenot specifically shown in FIG. 43, the power conditioner 5302 includesone or more switchgears operatively coupling the battery bank 5300 tothe external load, which may include a power grid or other externalloads. Power conditioners 5302 also may be used to couple the electricaloutput of the solar array 5110 to the grid or external load or both.Power conditioners 5302 still also may be used to couple the electricaloutput of the solar array 5110 to the batteries, battery bank, or otherloads. Generally, the power conditioner(s) 5302 facilitate matching theconditions for seamless transition of energy from one source to another,such as a battery to the grid, without disrupting the performance of theload. Power conditioner(s) 5302 also facilitate avoiding no-loadconditions. In certain embodiments, the power conditioner(s) 5302 may becontained in a standalone unit associated with the solar canopy 100rather than contained in the compartments 5122. Power conditioner(s)5302 are generally known in the industry and will not be furtherexplained herein except as necessary for a complete understanding of thepresent technology.

While suppling alternative electrical energy may reduce the on-peakdemand of the associated unit to which the solar canopy is associated,whether the associated unit is a local building (commercial orresidence) or grid, the high capacity storage batteries only store aportion of the overall energy need for the associated unit over theon-peak demand. That is to say, typically the high capacity storagebatteries only provide reduced energy demands for a few hours ofoperation of most commercial buildings, which requires the commercialbuilding to use grid power for the time the high capacity storagebatteries cannot provide the full load of energy. In most cases, thehigh demands of the commercial building result from refrigerant systems,such as food storage, server room temperature control, or HVAC systems.

The technology of the present application provides that some of theplurality of compartments 5122 have equipment to store refrigerantenergy. FIG. 44 provides an exemplary compartment 5122 includingequipment to store refrigerant energy, also known as the refrigerantenergy storage system 5400. While FIG. 44 shows a compartment only withequipment to store refrigerant energy, the compartment 5122 (as shown inFIG. 41) may include the energy storage equipment described above aswell as refrigerant energy storage system 5400 equipment.

In certain embodiments of the technology, the compartment 5122 houses arefrigerant energy storage tank 5400 filled with a working fluid 5402,which may be, for example, water, salt water, certain waxes, or othermaterial that experiences a phase change at the working temperature andpressure. The refrigerant energy storage tank 5400 would includeinsulation 5404 to retain the energy within the tank as much aspossible. The refrigerant energy storage tank 5400 includes one or morefluid conduits 5406, which may be coils. The fluid conduits would be influid communication with a local refrigerant system 5408 of an HVAC orrefrigerant system, which is not shown but generally understood in theart, through a conduit or pipe. The local refrigerant system 5408 wouldhave a refrigerant fluid 5410 that would flow into and out of therefrigerant energy storage tank 5400 through the fluid conduits 5406.

During off-peak demand times, the refrigerant energy storage tank 5400would evaporate the refrigerant fluid 5410, which would take heat fromthe working fluid 5402 causing the working fluid 5410 to become a liquidor a solid (depending on the phase change temperature). In the case ofwater, or salt-water, the working fluid 5410 would change to ice duringoff-peak demand times. This process stores refrigerant energy in therefrigerant energy storage tank 5400 (the energy storage is generallyreferred to as the latent heat of phase change). Generally, thecompressor of the HVAC system or refrigerant system operates to causethe working fluid 5410 to change from water to ice in this exemplaryworking fluid example. The compressor of the HVAC or refrigerant system,however, is operating during off-peak demand when energy is moreeconomical.

As explained above, the refrigerant fluid 5410 is used in refrigerantenergy storage tank 5400 to add or remove energy from the working fluid5402. Certain embodiments of the technology, however, may requireadditional separation between the refrigerant energy storage tank 5400and the refrigerant fluid 5410. To facilitate the additional separation,a vapor compression cycle including compressors, pumps, evaporator,pipes, and valves may be incorporated into the compartment 5122 or aplurality of compartments 5122. In certain configurations, the equipmentmay be arranged such that several compartments 5122 work in conjunction.For example, a first compartment 5122 may include a refrigerant energystorage tank 5400 and a second compartment 5122 may include a compressorand pump to move refrigerant fluid 5410 between the local building andthe refrigerant energy storage tank 5400 and/or an interim heatexchanger between the local building HVAC system or refrigeration systemand the refrigerant energy storage tank 5400. Thus, a compartment havinga refrigerant energy storage tank and a compressor may in fact be twocompartments rather than a single compartment.

During on-peak demand times, the stored refrigerant energy is releasedback to the HVAC system by reversing the process and releasing heat fromthe refrigerant fluid 5410 to the working fluid 5402 causing the workingfluid to become a gas or a liquid (again depending on the phase changetemperature). In the case of ice, the working fluid 5402 would phasechange from ice to water, or salt-water. While releasing the storedrefrigerant energy back to the HVAC system or refrigerant system, thecompressor of the HVAC system or refrigerant system will ideally be idleor operate minimally during time of on-peak demand times.

In certain embodiments, the stored electrical energy of the highcapacity storage batteries 5130 or battery banks 5300 and/or theelectrical energy from the renewable source, such as solar arrays 5110or a wind turbine system 5200 may be used to power the compressor of theHVAC system or refrigerant system to recharge the refrigerant energystorage system and/or simply operate the compressors. Additionally, thecompartments 5122, specifically compartments 5122 with a refrigerantenergy storage tank 400, may include a canopy compressor 5140 (see FIG.41). The canopy compressor 5140 would be powered from the high capacitybatteries 5130, the renewable energy source, such as the solar array5110 or the wind turbine system 5200, or from the power grid, typicallythrough the power conditioner 5132 and inverters 5134. The canopycompressor 5140 may operate with a compression vapor cycle to take heatfrom the refrigerant energy storage tank 5400 to generally cause theworking fluid 5402 to freeze. The canopy compressor may be used duringoff-peak demand times to store energy in the refrigerant energy storagetank 5400 (e.g., by removing heat as part of the compression vaporcycle) or extend the ability of the refrigerant energy storage tanks5400 to deliver on-peak thermal energy to the local buildings HVACsystem or refrigerant system by continuing to remove heat at itscapacity as the working fluid 402 either melts or vaporizes.

In operation, the energy storage system, as shown in FIGS. 41-44, mayinclude a processor, such as the servers mentioned throughout theapplication, capable of directing the flow of a refrigerant fluid 5410.During periods of off-peak demand (e.g., low energy cost), therefrigerant fluid 5410 removes heat from the refrigerant energy storagetank 5400 as well as the environment that the associated HVAC systemand/or refrigerant system is servicing. During periods of on-peak demand(e.g., high energy costs), the refrigerant fluid 5410 adds heat to therefrigerant energy storage tank 5400, which effectively uses the storedenergy in the refrigerant energy storage tank 5400 to cool theenvironment that the associated HVAC system and/or refrigerant system isservicing. The off-peak demand time and the on-peak demand time isgenerally known and can be pre-set into the processor such that therefrigerant energy storage tank 5400 is used during predetermined times.The processor may further receive a signal from a thermal sensor tofacilitate regulation of the environment. Flow to and from therefrigerant energy storage tank 5400 may be increased or decreased asnecessary to maintain a desired temperature or range of temperature. Theworking fluid 5402, and the associated latent heat of phase change,would be determined based on the desired temperature or range oftemperature of the environment. Also, during periods of on-peak demand,should the compressor of the HVAC system or refrigerant system berequired, the processor may first cause power to be supplied to thecompressors from the high capacity storage batteries 5130 (or a batterybank 5300) or directly from one of the renewable sources, such as thesolar array 5110 or the wind turbine system 5200. Power may be providedto the compressor from the grid at on-peak demand times when the othersources of refrigeration and electrical energy are otherwiseinsufficient or more costly.

In certain embodiments, the refrigerant fluid 5410 may simply be theatmosphere in the environment for the HVAC system or refrigerant system.During periods of when the compressor may be operating to regulate theenvironment, the cool atmosphere may be sufficiently cool to cause, forexample, water to freeze, which is generally about 0° Celsius. Thus,when the compressor is working, the atmosphere takes heat away from therefrigerant energy storage tank. During periods when the compressor isnot operating or operating minimally, the atmosphere may be forcedthrough the refrigerant energy storage tank 400 to remove heat from therefrigerant energy storage tank. In this exemplary embodiment, the rangeof temperatures for the HVAC system and or refrigerant system must besufficient to perform both functions.

Although the technology has been described in language that is specificto certain structures and materials, it is to be understood that theinvention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited tothe specific structures and materials described. Rather, the specificaspects are described as forms of implementing the claimed invention.Because many embodiments of the invention can be practiced withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention, the inventionresides in the claims hereinafter appended. Unless otherwise indicated,all numbers or expressions, such as those expressing dimensions,physical characteristics, etc. used in the specification (other than theclaims) are understood as modified in all instances by the term“approximately.” At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the claims, each numericalparameter recited in the specification or claims which is modified bythe term “approximately” should at least be construed in light of thenumber of recited significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understoodto encompass and provide support for claims that recite any and allsubranges or any and all individual values subsumed therein. Forexample, a stated range of 1 to 10 should be considered to include andprovide support for claims that recite any and all subranges orindividual values that are between and/or inclusive of the minimum valueof 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning witha minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 orless (e.g., 5.5 to 10, 2.34 to 3.56, and so forth) or any values from 1to 10 (e.g., 3, 5.8, 9.9994, and so forth).

I claim:
 1. An energy storage canopy comprising: at least one verticalsupport and at least one horizontal support coupled together; at leastone compartment coupled to at least one of the vertical support and theat least one horizontal support of the energy storage canopy, thecompartment comprising: at least one high capacity battery; at least onebattery connector comprising at least one set of contacts; at least onepower conditioner electrically coupled to the at least one high capacitybattery via the at least one battery connector, wherein the at least onepower conditioner is configured to be coupled to an external unit; andat least one heat dissipation system, wherein the at least one heatdissipation system facilitates movement of air through the compartment.2. The energy storage canopy of claim 1 wherein the at least onecompartment is removably coupled to the roof of the energy storagecanopy.
 3. The energy storage canopy of claim 1 further comprising arenewable energy source electrically coupled to the at least one highcapacity battery, the at least one power conditioner, or a combinationthereof such that the renewable energy source is configured to provideelectrical energy to the at least one high capacity battery, theexternal unit, or a combination thereof.
 4. The energy storage canopy ofclaim 3 wherein the renewable energy source is a solar array.
 5. Theenergy storage canopy of claim 3 wherein the renewable energy source isa wind turbine system.
 6. The energy storage canopy of claim 1 whereinthe external unit is a power grid.
 7. The energy storage canopy of claim1 wherein the external unit is an electric vehicle charger configured toallow an electric vehicle to plug into the electric vehicle charger forcharging.
 8. The energy storage canopy of claim 7 wherein the electricvehicle charger is configured for high capacity charging.
 9. The energystorage canopy of claim 1 wherein the external unit is a powerdistribution panel for a building.
 10. The energy storage canopy ofclaim 9 wherein the power distribution panel for the building is an ACpower distribution panel.
 11. The energy storage canopy of claim 1wherein the external unit is at least one server.
 12. The energy storagecanopy of claim 11 wherein the at least one server is a plurality ofservers.
 13. The energy storage canopy of claim 12 wherein the pluralityof servers are configured to solve equations for cryptocurrencies.